Nutrition, in full.

Manage diabetes in GI/hepatology patients by individualizing the A1c target to the population, in cirrhosis, A1c is unreliable because altered red blood cell turnover typically underestimates glycemia, so set glycemic goals using blood glucose monitoring and/or CGM rather than a fixed A1c cutoff, and in diabetic gastroparesis individualize the target rather than applying a universal cutoff; ≤7% pre-bariatric, <6.5% pre-conception, while screening all T2DM for MASLD with FIB-4, screening T1DM for concurrent celiac disease, and screening for diabetic gastroparesis when chronic nausea, early satiety, or postprandial fullness are present. Evaluate new-onset DM after age 50 without obesity for a pancreatic cancer differential, and coordinate peri-procedural medication holds and multidisciplinary endocrinology involvement.

For suspected ICI colitis, exclude infectious causes of diarrhea (including C. difficile) before treating. In grade 2 or higher colitis/diarrhea, early stool inflammatory markers (lactoferrin, calprotectin) may help stratify patients for endoscopy, and endoscopic confirmation of the diagnosis and severity should be considered before starting high-dose systemic glucocorticoids; abdominal imaging is reserved for dominant pain, fever, or bleeding and should not be done routinely for diarrhea alone. The AGA cautions that no validated severity index for ICI colitis exists and that symptoms correlate poorly with endoscopic, radiologic, and treatment-response severity, and that rapid progression over days can occur, particularly with ipilimumab. ICI colitis typically responds to high-dose systemic glucocorticoids at 0.5-2 mg/kg prednisone-equivalent daily tapered over 4-6 weeks (the AGA explicitly notes these doses and schedules have not been rigorously examined). If there is no improvement after 2-3 days, add infliximab or vedolizumab while continuing glucocorticoids; both are reasonable options for glucocorticoid-refractory colitis. Budesonide is ineffective as prophylaxis and is not a standard treatment for ICI colitis, it is reserved for ICI-associated microscopic colitis. Retreatment with immunotherapy is possible under select conditions. For hepatitis, obtain baseline liver chemistries (total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT) and HBV serologies before ICI; grade by CTCAE and manage as follows: grade 1 (AST/ALT 1-3x ULN or bilirubin 1-1.5x ULN), monitor liver chemistries 1-2 times weekly; grade 2 (AST/ALT >3-5x ULN or bilirubin >1.5-3x ULN), hold ICI until resolution to grade 1, and if symptomatic give prednisone 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/d or equivalent; grade 3 (AST/ALT >5-20x ULN or bilirubin >3-10x ULN), discontinue ICI and start methylprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg/d or equivalent; grade 4 (AST/ALT >20x ULN or bilirubin >10x ULN or hepatic decompensation), permanently discontinue ICI and start methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg/d. For ICI hepatitis that does not adequately improve after 3-5 days of high-dose glucocorticoids, escalate to a second-line immunosuppressant, mycophenolate mofetil (with azathioprine as an accepted alternative), while continuing glucocorticoids; infliximab is not recommended for ICI hepatitis because of its potential for hepatotoxicity. Evaluate all ICI-related liver-chemistry elevations for alternate etiologies (consider liver biopsy), and obtain biliary imaging when alkaline phosphatase and/or bilirubin are elevated.