Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of refeeding-like syndrome in very low birth weight infants: A descriptive study.

Manage short bowel syndrome / intestinal failure with a multidisciplinary IF team using a three-phase nutrition strategy: initiate TPN with IV hydration and electrolyte replacement in the acute hypersecretory phase, progressively advance enteral feeds and wean PN during the 1-2 year adaptation phase, then maintain an oral diet with selective PN as needed. In carefully selected PN-dependent patients, and only when prescribed by clinicians experienced in SBS/IF management (generally once the adaptation phase is complete), consider the GLP-2 analog teduglutide (0.05 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) to promote intestinal adaptation and reduce PN volume, but only after baseline screening to exclude neoplasia and contraindications (colonoscopy with removal of any polyps when colon and/or rectum is present, and assessment for active or recent [within 5 years] gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, or pancreatic malignancy, which contraindicate its use) and with mandatory ongoing safety monitoring (surveillance colonoscopy after 1-2 years then every 5 years, plus vigilance for colorectal/GI polyps and neoplasia, intestinal obstruction, biliary/gallbladder and pancreatic disease, and fluid overload); add antimotility agents (loperamide, then codeine/opium tincture) for high-output stoma, and provide lifelong nutrient surveillance/supplementation (notably B12) plus monitoring for CRBSI, IFALD, oxalate stones, and refeeding syndrome.